First off your code never even import random to use randint. But I'll assume you did import it and you just never pasted it in.
input reads your input as a str, but you want it to read as an int. All you really need to do is wrap the input() call in an int invocation. Additionally, input takes an argument, which prompts that argument in the console.
Also @tobias_k has a good point, but instead of elif guess == answer:, just use else:.
I also changed some variable logic, and I changed A to a much more meaningful identifier, as well as fixing formatting, like a = b is more aesthetically pleasing than a=b.
Oh and indentation. Indentation is important, not only for readability, but in Python, it's required. Python is whitespace significant, meaning scope delimiters are whitespace.
import random
finished_count = 0
while finished_count < 10:
for _ in range(5):
answer = random.randint(1, 5)
guess = int(input("Ralph holds up %d finger%s. What is the answer?\n" % (answer, "" if answer == 1 else "s")))
if guess != answer: # incorrect answer
print("WRONG PROGRESS RESET")
finished_count = 0
else: # correct
finished_count += 1
print("Correct. You have %d out of 10 finished" % finished_count)
print("You win, congrats!")
I just used this code up until I got to 10 and it works fine