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Mathematics Stack Exchange

Questions tagged [weak-convergence]

For questions about weak convergence, which can concern sequences in normed/ topological vectors spaces, or sequences of measures.

Please use other tags like (tag: functional-analysis) or (tag: probability-theory).

2730 questions
39
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Strong and weak convergence in $\ell^1$

Let $\ell^1$ be the space of absolutely summable real or complex sequences. Let us say that a sequence $(x_1, x_2, \ldots)$ of vectors in $\ell^1$ converges weakly to $x \in \ell^1$ if for every bounded linear functional $\varphi \in (\ell^1)^*$,…
Zhen Lin
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30
votes
1 answer

weak sequential continuity of linear operators

Suppose I have a weakly sequentially continuous linear operator T between two normed linear spaces X and Y (i.e. $x_n \stackrel {w}{\rightharpoonup} x$ in $X$ $\Rightarrow$ $T(x_n) \stackrel {w}{\rightharpoonup} T(x)$ in $Y$). Does this imply that…
user1736
  • 8,993
26
votes
1 answer

A closed subspace of a reflexive Banach space is reflexive

Let $X$ be a reflexive Banach Space. Let $Y$ be a closed subspace of it.I need to show that $Y$ is reflexive as well. So as usual I consider the inclusion map $$J: Y \to Y'', J(y)=j_{y}, j_{y}(y')=y'(y)$$, where $Y''$ denotes the bidual space of…
tattwamasi amrutam
  • 13,040
23
votes
2 answers

Weak convergence in probability implies uniform convergence in distribution functions

Exercise 1: Let $\mu_n$, $\mu$ be probability measures on $\left(\mathbb{R}, \mathcal{B}\left(\mathbb{R}\right)\right)$ with distribution functions $F_n$, $F$. Show: If $\left(\mu_n\right)$ converges weakly to $\mu$ and $F$ is continuous, then…
Keith
  • 8,359
22
votes
2 answers

Every bounded sequence has a weakly convergent subsequence in a Hilbert space

I tried to prove the following theorem and was wondering if someone could please tell me if my proof can be fixed somehow... Theorem: Let $H$ be a Hilbert space and $x_n\in H$ a bounded sequence. Then $x_n$ has a weakly convergent subsequence. My…
user167889
20
votes
1 answer

Weak convergence, together with convergence of norms, implies strong convergence in a Hilbert space.

Let $(x_n)$ be a weakly convergent sequence in a Hilbert space $H$. If $\| x_n \| \to \| x \|$, show that $x_n$ converges strongly to $x$. Context This problem comes from a question in my exam paper; the original problem was incorrect.
Ricardo Gomes
  • 439
20
votes
2 answers

Intuitive explanation of Lyapunov condition for CLT

I found the Lyapunov condition for applying the central limit theorem, which is useful in settings where one has to deal with non-identically distributed random variables: Lyapunov CLT. Let $s_n^2 = \sum_{k=1}^n \text{Var}[Y_i]$ and let $Y=\sum_i…
Mathrobot
  • 241
18
votes
1 answer

Is the weak topology sequential on some infinite-dimensional Banach space?

Recall that a topological space is sequential, iff every sequentially closed set is already closed. Is there an infinite-dimensional Banach space on which the weak topology is sequential? I already know that the weak topology is not first…
gerw
  • 33,373
18
votes
2 answers

Proof for convergence in distribution implying convergence in probability for constants

I'm trying to understand this proof (also in the image below) that proves if $X_{n}$ converges to some constant $c$ in distribution, then this implies it converges in probability too. Specifically, my questions about the proof are: How are they…
A user
  • 1,036
18
votes
1 answer

Confusion with the narrow and weak* convergence of measures

Think of a LCH space $X.$ Consider the spaces $C_{0}(X)$ of continuous functions "vanishing at infinity" and the space $BC(X)$ of bounded continuous functions. Consider as well the space of Radon (Borel regular) measures $M(X).$ What follows is an…
Qwertuy
  • 1,209
17
votes
0 answers

On the weak and strong convergence of an iterative sequence

I have some difficulties in the following problem. I would like to thank for all kind help and construction. Let $H$ be an infinite dimensional real Hilbert space and $F: H\rightarrow H$ be a mapping. Suppose that there exists $\gamma>0$ such…
blindman
  • 3,225
17
votes
3 answers

A characterization of Weak Convergence in $L^p$ spaces

I'm working on the following problem, I'm having trouble with the reverse direction. My question is bolded below. Also could someone check my forward direction?: Let $(X, \mathcal{M}, \mu)$ be a $\sigma$ finite measure space and $\{f_n\},f \in…
yoshi
  • 3,629
17
votes
3 answers

Convergence in probability implies convergence in distribution

A sequence of random variables $\{X_n\}$ converges to $X$ in probability if for any $\varepsilon > 0$, $$P(|X_n-X| \geq \varepsilon) \rightarrow 0$$ They converge in distribution if $$F_{X_n} \rightarrow F_X$$ at points where $F_X$ is…
Hawii
  • 1,349
16
votes
2 answers

Example that in a normed space, weak convergence does not implies strong convergence.

The book "Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications" (Kreyszig) presents the following definitions. A sequence $(x_n)$ in a normed space $X$ is said to be strongly convergent if there is an $x\in X$ such that $\lim\|x_n-x\|=0$. (page…
Pedro
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  • 138
16
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1 answer

Uniform convergence and weak convergence

Assume $F_{n},F$ are distribution functions of r.v.$X_{n}$ and $X$, $F_{n}$ weakly converge to $F$. If $F$ is pointwise continuous in the interval $[a,b]\subset\mathbb{R}$, show that $$\sup_{x\in[a,b]}|F_{n}(x)-F(x)|\rightarrow 0,n\rightarrow…
Jacky Zhang
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