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$\newcommand{\N}{\mathbf N}\renewcommand{\leq}{\leqslant}\renewcommand{\geq}{\geqslant} \newcommand{\eps}{\varepsilon}$I was looking through the functional analysis notes of TWK (on his webpage https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~twk/) and was trying to answer the following question: If $X$ is a complete normed space and $Y$ is a normed space, is $\mathrm B(X,Y)$ complete? ($\mathrm B(X,Y)$ is the normed space of bounded linear operators from $X$ to $Y$, with as norm the operator norm). It seems to me that this is not the case, and I have thought of (what I think is) a counterexample. I'm not completely sure about the last step I made and therefore would like to ask you to verify that it is correct, show me how to correct it, or tell me that my counterexample is wrong and why.

Claim If $X$ is a complete normed space and $Y$ a normed space, $\mathrm B(X,Y)$ is not necessarily complete:

Proof Consider $X=\ell^\infty(\N),Y=c_{00}(\N)$ ($c_{00}(\N)$ is the set of sequences of compact support), with the norm on $Y$ the $\ell^1$ norm. Let, for $n\in\N_{\geq 1}$, $T_n:X\to Y$ be given by $$(x_1,x_2,x_3,\ldots,x_n,x_{n+1},\ldots)\mapsto\left(\frac{x_1}{1^2},\frac{x_2}{2^2},\frac{x_3}{3^2},\ldots,\frac{x_n}{n^2},0,0,\ldots\right)$$ For every $n\in \N_{\geq 1}$, $T_n$ is linear. Furthermore each $T_n$ is bounded: Let $x=(x_n)\in X$. Then $\|x\|=\sup|x_n|<\infty$. So $$\|T_nx\|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^n\frac{|x_k|}{k^2}\leq \sum\limits_{k=1}^n\frac{\sup|x_n|}{k^2}=\sum\limits_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{k^2}\|x\|\leq\frac{\pi^2}{6}\|x\|$$ We conclude that for all $n\in\N_{\geq 1}, T_n\in \mathrm B(X,Y)$, because $$\|T_n\|\leq \frac{\pi^2}{6}$$ Furthermore $(T_n)$ is a Cauchy sequence in $\mathrm B(X,Y)$: Let $\eps>0$. $\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{1}{k^2}$ converges, so there is an $N\in\N$ such that $\forall m,n\geq N$ we have $\sum_{k=m}^n \frac{1}{k^2}=\left|\sum_{k=m}^n \frac{1}{k^2}\right|<\frac{\eps}{2}$. Now let $x=(x_n)\in X$. Then $\|x\|=\sup |x_n|<\infty$ so for $m,n\geq N$ (wlog we assume $m<n$), we have $$\|(T_n-T_m)x\|=\sum\limits_{k=m+1}^n\frac{|x_k|}{k^2}\leq\sum\limits_{k=m+1}^n \frac{\sup|x_n|}{k^2}<\frac{\eps}{2}\|x\|$$ And from this it follows that for $m,n\geq N$ $$\|T_n-T_m\|\leq \frac{\eps}{2}<\eps$$ Finally, $(T_n)$ does not converge: This is the step that I'm not completely sure about. My idea is as follows

We have $\mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))\supset \mathrm B(X,Y)$. $\mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))$ is complete (because $\ell^1(\N)$ is complete) and $(T_n)$ is also a Cauchy sequence in $\mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))$ and so it converges to a $T\in \mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))$. In fact we can give $T$ explicitly, for $x=(x_n)\in\ell^\infty(\N)$ we have $(Tx)_n=\frac{x_n}{n^2}$ for each $n\in\N_{\geq 1}$. Now it is clear that $T$ does not map $\ell^\infty(\N)$ into $c_{00}(\N)$ (consider the sequence with all entries equal to $1$ and what it gets mapped to) and so $T\not\in \mathrm B(X,Y)$. If $(T_n)$ would converge in $\mathrm B(X,Y)$ then it would converge to the same limit in $\mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))$ (because we consider $\mathrm B(X,Y)$ as a metric subspace of $\mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))$) so by uniqueness of limits in $\mathrm B(X,\ell^1(\N))$ we conclude that $(T_n)$ does not converge in $\mathrm B(X,Y)$.

This shows that $X$ being a complete normed space does not necessarily imply that $\mathrm B(X,Y)$ is complete.

a...
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    It's correct. You could even shorten it by noting that $B(X,Y)$ is not closed as a subspace of $B(X,\ell^!(\mathbb{N}))$ (after you say $T\not\in B(X,Y)$). – Vincent Boelens Apr 12 '14 at 14:17

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One can significantly simplify your proof, take $X=\mathbb{R}$ while $Y$ is any non complete. Obviously $Y$ is complete iff so does $\mathcal{B}(X,Y)$.

Norbert
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  • Sorry to bother you about an old question, but it is not clear to me why $I$ being isometric would imply that $\mathrm{im}( I)$ is closed in $B(X,Y)$ (consider for instance the inclusion of an incomplete normed space in its completion). Is there some additional reasoning missing that applies in this specific case? – a... Jan 26 '15 at 17:31
  • Well, that was erroneous argument. Now I suggest even more simpler example. – Norbert Jan 26 '15 at 20:36
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    I'm not sure how $Y$ is obviously complete iff $B(X,Y)$ is. One implication is clear ($Y$ complete $\implies$ $B(X,Y)$ complete), but I am not sure how I would prove the other implication. – a... Jan 26 '15 at 20:40
  • Any opertator in $\mathcal{B}(X,Y)$ is of the form $T(z)=z y$ for some $y\in Y$. Consider Cauchy sequence in $\mathcal{B}(X,Y)$ with no limit. It induces a Cauchy sequence in $Y$ with no limit. – Norbert Jan 26 '15 at 20:43
  • Oh I didn't take into account that you had set $X=\mathbf R$. I'm still curious about the situation when $X$ is a general normed space and in an answer to the linked question you refer the reader to this answer for the proof that $Y$ not complete $\implies$ $B(X,Y)$ not complete (for a general normed space $X$). I am wondering if your previous argument can be salvaged. – a... Jan 26 '15 at 20:49
  • I don't know. But the implication you are talking about is valid for all nonzer Banach space X. I've seen this proof in several functional analysis books, but I don't remember the unit xac reference. – Norbert Jan 26 '15 at 22:02