First try to show following fact: For any exact sequence $A\rightarrow M\rightarrow B$, $M$ satisfies ACC iff $A$ and $B$ satisfy ACC. Use it to prove that finitely generated free modules satisfy ACC.
- There is an exact sequence $R^{n-1}\rightarrow R^n\rightarrow R$. $R$ satisfy ACC. Assume that $R^{n-1}$ satisfy ACC too then by induction so does $R^n$.
Now notice that module $M$ is finitely generated iff there is a finitely generated free module $F$ and a surjection $f:F\rightarrow M$.
- If $M$ has generators $\{m_1,...,m_n\}$ then there is a surjection $f:R^n\rightarrow M$ defined on base $f:x_i\mapsto m_i$
Use fact again to prove that $M$ satisfy ACC.
- There is an exact sequence $\ker(f)\rightarrow R^n\rightarrow M$.
Suppose that there is submodule $N\subset M$ which is not finitely generated. Enumerate its elements then we have sequence of submodules $(m_1)\subset (m_1,m_2)...$ It is easy to see that this sequence will not stabilise.