Suppose that for every pair of distinct maximal subgroups of $G$, these two maximal subgroups have distinct indices. Then $G$ is cyclic (for example, all such maximal subgroups have prime index, and the Frattini quotient embeds into a product of cyclic groups of distinct prime orders). In particular, $G$ has unique subgroups of every index.
I'm interested in a generalization of this claim: fix $m$, and suppose $G$ has at most one maximal subgroup of index $d$, for every $d$ dividing $m$. Does it follow that $G$ has at most one subgroup (not necessarily maximal) of index $d$, for every $d$ dividing $m$? (We recover the above by taking $m=|G|$.)