Let $\mathrm{V}$ be a normed space. We say that $f:[a,b] \to \mathrm{V}$ is rectifiable if $\sup\limits_P \Gamma_f(P) < \infty$ where $P = (s_i)_{i=0,\ldots,m}$ are increasing families of points with $s_0=a$ and $s_m=b$, and $\Gamma_f(P) = \sum\limits_{i=1}^m \|f(s_i) - f(s_{i-1})\|$ is the arc-length of the poligonal curve with vertices the points of $P$.
1.-2. below provide a rough sketch of why this makes sense intuitively:
- If $P$ and $Q$ are two increasing families of points starting at $a$ and ending at $b$, and if $P$ is a subfamily of $Q$ then $0 \leq \Gamma_f(P) \leq \Gamma_f(Q)$. Intuitively, the finer the polygonal curve we use to approximate $f$, the better the approximation.
- Therefore, the quantity $\mathscr{L}_f(a,b) = \sup\limits_P \Gamma_f(P)$ always exists, it can be either $+\infty$ or $<\infty$, in the second case we get rectifiability and the real number $\mathscr{L}_f(a,b)$ is the arc-lenght of $f$.
- For all $[x,y] \subset [a,b]$, $\mathscr{L}_f(x,y) \leq \mathscr{L}_f(a,b)$. Therefore, if a curve is rectifiable, so is every restriction to a subinterval; if a restriction has infinite arc-length, so does the whole curve.
- If $\mathscr{L}_f(a,b) = 0$ then $f$ is constant on $[a,b]$.
- If $f$ is a rectifiable curve, define $s_f:[a,b] \to \mathbf{R}$ via $s_f(x) = \mathscr{L}_f(a,x)$. Then $s_f$ is well-defined and non-decreasing; if $f$ is non-constant on every open subinterval of $[a,b]$, then $s_f$ is increasing.
The main theorem regarding rectifiability follows (and, in fact, it is often that this theorem is used tacitly to define arc-length solely for $\mathscr{C}^1$-curves).
Theorem. Let $\mathrm{V}$ be complete (i.e., $\mathrm{V}$ is a Banach space) and $f$ be a curve with continuous first derivative. Then $f$ is rectifiable and $\mathscr{L}_f(a,b) = \int\limits_a^b \|f'\|$.
If $f$ is $\mathscr{C}^1$ on $[a,b]$, we apply the previous theorem on $[a,x]$ to obtain $s_f(x) = \int\limits_a^x \|f'\|$.
Corollary. $s_f$ is continuously differentiable if $f$ is $\mathscr{C}^1$, in fact, $s_f'(x) = \|f'(x)\|$.
I want a proof OR a counter-example of the following:
$s_f$ is continuous whenever $f$ is (only) assumed rectifiable.
I only have ancillary observations to this:
- $s_f$ is non-decreasing, so it only can have jump-discontinuities.
- Suffice to show $s_f$ is right continuous, for then, we can consider a curve $g$ traversed in the opposite direction, the right continuity of $s_g$ will imply the left continuity of $s_f$.
- The example of Example of non-rectifiable curve with finite arc length integral is related but of no use since we will be assuming that $f$ is rectifiable.