Yes, isomorphic vector spaces have the same dimension (finite or infinite; for infinite, assume all relevant spaces have bases, or assume the Axiom of Choice).
Theorem. Let $V$ and $W$ be vector spaces over $\mathbf{F}$. Let $T\colon V\to W$ be a linear transformation.
- If $T$ is one-to-one, and $\gamma\subseteq V$ is linearly independent, then $T(\gamma)$ is linearly independent.
- If $T$ is surjective, and $\gamma$ spans $V$, then $T(\gamma)$ spans $W$.
- As a consequence, if $T$ is an isomorphism, then $\beta\subseteq V$ is a basis for $V$ if and only if $T(\beta)$ is basis for $W$. In particular, $\dim(V)=\dim(W)$.
Note. In the second edition of Axler's book, Item 1 appears as Exercise 3.5 in Axler, restricted to finite $\gamma$, but not to finite dimensional spaces. Item 2 appears as Exercise 3.7, again restricted to finite $\gamma$ but with no a priori assumption of finite dimensionality.
Proof. Let $x_1,\ldots,x_n\in \gamma$ be pairwise distinct, and let $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n$ be such that
$$\alpha_1T(x_1)+\cdots + \alpha_nT(x_n) = \mathbf{0}_W.$$
Since $T$ is linear, this means that
$$\mathbf{0}_W = \alpha_1T(x_1)+\cdots + \alpha_nT(x_n) = T(\alpha_1x_1+\cdots + \alpha_nx_n).$$
Since $T$ is one-to-one, this means that
$$\alpha_1x_1+\cdots + \alpha_nx_n = \mathbf{0}_V.$$
Since $\gamma$ is linearly independent, this implies that $\alpha_1=\cdots=\alpha_n=0$, as desired. Thus, $T(\gamma)$ is linearly independent. This proves 1.
Let $w\in W$. Since $T$ is surjective, there exists $v\in V$ such that $T(v)=w$. Since $\gamma$ spans $V$, there exist $v_1,\ldots,v_n\in\gamma$ and scalars $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n$ such that $v=\alpha_1v_1+\cdots+\alpha_nv_n$. Then
$$w = T(v) = T(\alpha_1v_1+\cdots+\alpha_nv_n) = \alpha_1T(v_1)+\cdots+\alpha_nT(v_n)\in\mathrm{span}(T(\gamma)).$$
Thus, $W\subseteq\mathrm{span}(T(\gamma))$, proving that $T(\gamma)$ spans $W$. This proves 2.
If $\beta$ is a basis of $V$, then by $1$ we have that $T(\beta)$ is linearly independent and by $2$ we have that $T(\beta)$ spans $W$; therefore, $T(\beta)$ is a basis for $W.$ For the converse, apply the result to $T(\beta)$ and the isomorphism $T^{-1}$. Since $T$ is bijective, $|\beta|=|T(\beta)|$, so
$$\dim(V) = |\beta| = |T(\beta)| = \dim(W).$$
This proves 3 and the theorem. $\Box$
In fact, here is a nice exercise:
Let $T\colon V\to W$ be a linear transformation.
- $T$ is one-to-one if and only if for every $S\subseteq V$, if $S$ is linearly independent, then $T(S)$ is linearly independent.
- $T$ is surjective if and only if for every $S\subseteq V$, if $S$ spans $V$, then $T(S)$ spans $W$.
- $T$ is bijective if and only if for every $S\subseteq V$, $S$ is a basis for $V$ if and only if $T(S)$ is a basis for $W$.
Finding an explicit basis for $\mathcal{L}(V,W)$ when $V$ and $W$ are finite dimensional is actually not hard to do, when you think about the important result that says that if $v_1,\ldots,v_n$ is a basis for $V$, and $w_1,\ldots,w_n$ are any vectors of $W$, then there is exactly one linear transformation $T\colon V\to W$ such that $T(v_i)=w_i$.
Using this result, fix a basis $\beta=(v_1,\ldots,v_n)$ for $V$, and a basis $\gamma=(w_1,\ldots,w_m)$ for $W$. Let $\delta_{ij}\colon V\to W$ be the unique linear transformation such that
$$\delta_{ij}(v_k) = \left\{\begin{array}{lcl}
w_j &&\text{if }k=i;\\
0&&\text{otherwise.}
\end{array}\right.$$
A linear transformation $T\colon V\to W$ is completely determined by what it does to $v_1,\ldots,v_n$. And each $T(v_i)$ can be expressed as a vector in $\gamma$-coordinates, $[T(v_i)]_{\gamma}=(\alpha_{i1},\ldots,\alpha_{im})$. Then it is straightforward to verify that
$$T = \sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^m \alpha_{ij}\delta_{ij}$$
by comparing what the sum does to each basis vector $v_i$. Thus, the linear transformations $\delta_{ij}$ span $\mathcal{L}(V,W)$. It is now also easy to verify that they are linearly independent, since if a sum
$$\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^m \alpha_{ij}\delta_{ij}$$
is the zero linear transformation, then evaluating it at a $v_{i_0}$ gives that
$$0 = \alpha_{i_01}w_1+\cdots +\alpha_{i_0m}w_m,$$
and by the linear independence of $(w_1,\ldots,w_m)$ we conclude that $\alpha_{i_01}=\cdots=\alpha_{i_0m}=0$. This holds for each value of $i$, so all the coefficients are zero, as desired.
In short, a basis for $\mathcal{L}(V,W)$ when $V$ and $W$ are finite dimensional (in fact, it suffices for $V$ to be finite dimensional when $W$ has a basis) is obtained by fixing a basis $\beta$ for $V$, a basis $\gamma$ for $W$, and taking for each $v\in \beta$ and $w\in \gamma$ the linear transformation that sends $v$ to $w$ and all other vectors in $\beta$ to $0$.
