Here's a few suggestions.
Regarding geometric simplicial complexes: Sometimes people use terminology like polyhedra or polytope. That seems to work fine as long as you are staying away from a discussion of classical polyhedra.
Regarding topological simplicial complex: According to the definition you wrote, a topological space $X$ is a topological simplicial complex if there merely exists a homeomorphism from $X$ to a geometric simplicial complex. That usage feels off base to me. I would have expected that a specific choice of such a homeomorphism must be part of the structure of a topological simplicial complex. There is adjective for that concept as you wrote it, rather than a noun: $X$ is triangulable if such a homeomorphism exists. Also, sometime writers refer to a specific choice of such a homeomorphism as a triangulation of $X$, or a simplicial structure on $X$, or something like that (c.f. Hatcher's terminology of a $\Delta$ complex structure, which is a bit more general than a simplicial structure).
In general, another thing that happens is that a writer will make a choice, reserving the bare terminology simplicial complex for one of the more specialized cases. A combinatorist or a category theorist might reserve that bare terminology for an abstract simplicial complex. On the other hand someone writing a basic geometric topology textbook might reserve that bare terminology for a topological space $X$ equipped with a choice of triangulation (for example Moise's textbook Geometric Topology in Dimensions 2 and 3).