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I wonder about how to conclude that $R=K[x_1, x_2,\dots ]$ is a UFD for $K$ a field.

If $f\in R$ then $f$ is a polynomial in only finitely many variables, how do I prove that any factorization of $f$ in $R$ only have factors in these indeterminates, i.e. takes place in the UFD $K[x_1, x_2,\dots , x_n]$ for some $n$?

Somebody argued that $f$ can not have one unique factorization in $K[x_1, x_2,\dots, x_n]$ and another in $K[x_1, x_2,\dots, x_n, \dots, x_m]$ I don't understand this. Do all primes in $K[x_1, x_2,\dots, x_n]$ necessarily stay prime in $R=K[x_1, x_2,\dots ]$? How do we know that the irreducible/prime elements in $K[x_1, x_2,\dots, x_n]$ stays irreducible in $R=K[x_1, x_2,\dots ]$?

rschwieb
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harajm
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2 Answers2

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Note that $K[x_1,x_2,\dots]=\bigcup_{n\in \Bbb N}K[x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n]$. I'm going to denote these rings in the union by $R_n$ to save typing time.

To see that an irreducible $p$ of $R_n$ is irreducible in $R_m$ for $m\geq n$, suppose you have an equation $p=ab$ where $a,b\in R_m$. By evaluating $x_1,\dots, x_n$ all at 1, the variables in $p$ disappear, and you get an equation $\lambda=\overline{ab}\in K[x_{n+1}\dots, x_m]$ where $\lambda\in K$. This is a contradiction unless $a$ and $b$ already fell in $R_n$ in the first place, so that they had no variables above $x_n$. But you already know that in $R_n$, one of $a$ or $b$ must be a unit, so $p$ is irreducible in $R_m$ as well. So between the rings, primes stay prime and irreducibles stay irreducible.

This allows you to conclude that an element has a prime factorization in the first place.

Then you can argue that any two factorizations of a single element into primes must consist of elements in a common $K[x_1,\dots, x_m]$, which will force the factorizations to be equivalent.

rschwieb
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  • Very clear and good answer, thank you! – harajm Jun 06 '13 at 14:49
  • @harajm Glad you found it useful! – rschwieb Jun 06 '13 at 16:50
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    it is not clear that evaluating at 1 produces a contradiction... e.g. given $xz-yz$, evaluating $x,y$ at 1 gives $z−z=0$, which wouldn't produce the contradiction you want in your argument, right? EDIT: ah, I see my question has been addressed here. https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/635185/if-p-in-rx-1-dots-x-n-is-irreducible-is-it-still-irreducible-in-rx-1-do?rq=1 – D.R. Mar 01 '22 at 06:40
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They key idea is that each successive polynomial ring extension $\,D\subset D[x]\,$ is factorization inert, i.e. the ring extension introduces no new factorizations, i.e. if $\, 0\ne d\ \in D\,$ factors in $\,D[x]\,$ as $\,d = ab\,$ for $\, a,b\in D[x]\,$ then $\,a,b\in D.\,$ From this one easily deduces that the requisite factorization properties extend to the ascending union $\,K[x_1,x_2,\cdots\,],$ and the same ideas work for arbitrary inert extensions.

Remark $\ $ Paul Cohn introduced the idea of inert extensions when studying Bezout rings. Cohn proved that every gcd domain can be inertly embedded in a Bezout domain, and every UFD can be inertly embedded in a PID. There are a few variations on the notion of inertness that prove useful when studying the relationship between factorizations in base and extension rings, e.g. a weaker form where $\, d = ab\,\Rightarrow\, au, b/u\in D,\,$ for some unit $\,u\,$ in the extension ring.

Key Ideas
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