Can the solution to $n^2=pq+y^2$ help with the Golbach conjecture?

Question

This question was inspired by the following question.

https://mathoverflow.net/questions/132532/goldbachs-conjecture-and-eulers-idoneal-numbers

Here, we are not looking to factor an integer $N$. We are looking for solutions $n$ to the equation $n^2=pq+y^2$. It turns out that the solutions are many for a given $n$ and are easy to calculate. We need to use the following geometrical figure to help find $p,q,y$ that add up to $n^2$ according to the previous equation.

$$p$$ $$y\phantom{----}y$$ $$q$$

Then we multiply $p$ with $q$ and do the same with the $y's$ and add the result to get $n^2$.
At this point it's useful to choose an integer $n$ to show how the method works. Let $n=10$. We can write $n^2$ as $n^2=10\cdot10=4\cdot25=2\cdot50=5\cdot20$. At this point, we only consider $n^2=10\cdot10$. The factors of $n$ must have the same parity. We see that $n+n=20$. The solutions will use the following values for the pair $(p,q)$.
$$(p,q)=(1,19),(2,18),(3,17),(4,16),(5,15),(6,14),(7,13),(8,12),(9,11)$$

At this point we don't know which value of $y$ to choose. It turns out that we must have $y+p+y=q$ with the assumption that $q>p$, (by the way, this way to do the multiplications can be used even when $(y,y)$ is replaced by $(y,z)$ except in this case the result will not be $n^2$).

The first pair $(1,19)$ will provide a $y=9$. So we do the multiplication to get $1\cdot19+9^2=10^2$. The pair $(7,13)$ will provide $7\cdot13+3^2=10^2$.

To go through every pair we need to increase $p$ by $1$, decrease $q$ by $1$ to keep the same value for $p+q=20$. $(p,q)$ are not necessarily primes. The values for $y^2$ are $9^2,8^2,7^2,6^2,5^2,4^2,3^2,2^2,1^2$ given in the same order as the pairs $(p,q)$.

As stated in the link given above, "clearly, given a set of $y,p,q$, then $n^2−y^2=pq$ and it follows that $n=p+y$ and $n=q−y$. Hence, $2n=p+q$." Only pairs with both $(p,q)$ primes will contribute to the Goldbach conjecture.

I cannot prove that for a given $n$, we will always have pairs with both $(p,q)$ primes.

Does finding the solution to $n^2=pq+y^2$ help in any way with the Goldbach conjecture?

Answer 1

The real problem with most algebraic manipulation, is it doesn't matter if p and q are prime. This means we have no real restriction on where to look, this manipulation is similar. Here are some other manipulations:

• $2n=p+q$

• $n+n=p+q$

• $n-p=q-n=d$

• $n^2-d^2=pq$

• $p^2=n^2-2dn+d^2$

• $q^2=n^2+2dn+d^2$

• $\frac{p^2+q^2}{2}=n^2+d^2$

• etc.

You can use p and q being odd primes, and properties of n to basically make some of these into case statements. Ex.

$$\begin{cases}p\equiv -q\bmod 6\qquad,\text{if } n\equiv 0 \bmod 6\\1\equiv p\equiv q\bmod 6\qquad,\text{if } n\equiv 1 \bmod 6\\5\equiv p\equiv q \bmod 6\qquad,\text{if } n\equiv 2 \bmod 6\\p\equiv -q\bmod 6\qquad,\text{if } n\equiv 3 \bmod 6\\1\equiv p \equiv q\bmod 6\qquad,\text{if } n\equiv 4 \bmod 6\\5\equiv p\equiv q \bmod 6\qquad,\text{if } n\equiv 5 \bmod 6\end{cases}$$

We also have that neither p or q can be prime divisors of n, because that breaks the distributive property and coprimality, when done with primes. In some cases $2n-3$ can be prime as well. If we could show more primes of certain types than gaps before it in certain arithmetic progressions, we could pigeonhole principle Goldbach's conjecture. But it's not that simple. There's never likely to be a simple algebraic manipulation, that will show it for all cases.

The other complexity is, almost any statement in math, has infinitely many manipulated forms. One of Fermat's little theorem, for example is the following: $$a^{k}\equiv a^{(p-1)x+k} \bmod p $$ gcd(p,a)=1; p a prime;and x any integer. This has infinitely many substitutions possible, including simple algebraic variable, and function substitutions.