Assuming by complete you mean in the categorical sense, i.e. you want limit-closure (i.e. meet-closure in the poset case), I suppose that your complete boolean algebras should be the same as complete star-autonomous categories where the monoidal product is the cartesian one.
In these categories you have an involution operator (the $*$ in star-autonomous) which plays the role of the negation and indeed you have, in the posetal case, de morgan laws and the middle excluded.
Edit: I see thatthe OP was looking for a property-like definition, hence the following addendum.
As shown in the link above $*$-autonomous categories admit a definition in a almost-property like way (as long as we are considering just cartesian closed category) using the dualizing object $(\bot)$ instead of the involution functor $(*)$.
This is an almost property like, as opposed to property like, because we require the object $\bot$ to satisfy the condition
the morphism $A \to ((A \multimap \bot) \multimap \bot)$ to be an isomorphism
the problem is that in a general category this object would be an additional structure on the category.
But if our cartesian closed category, $*$-auotnomous, is a poset $\bot$ is necessarily the bottom element, i.e. the minimum.
To see that one can observe that if $ ((A \multimap \bot) \multimap \bot) \leq A$, which is the poset-version of the property above, since obviously $\bot \leq ((A \multimap \bot) \multimap \bot)$ it follows that $\bot \leq A$.
From this it follows that in a star-autonomous (cartesian) poset the global dualizing object must be the minimum of the poset.
So a star-autonomous-poset is nothing but a cartesian-closed-posetal category with a minimum $\bot$ that satisfies the property
$$((A \multimap \bot) \multimap \bot \leq A$$
This should provide a property-like definition as you wished....or at least I hope so :-D