I'm studing probability, an I can see martingale everywhere. I can work with them, but I don't really see in what they are so important everywhere.
I know that $M_n$ is a martingale wrt the filtration $\mathcal F_n$ if $M_n$ is $\mathcal F_n-$measurable and if $$\mathbb E[M_{n+1}\mid \mathcal F_n]=M_n.$$ In what this definition makes them so important ? And why are they everywhere ?