I studied the Lebesgue integral from Stein's book on Real Analysis.
In the book, he first considered the Lebesgue measure on $R^d$, defined measurable functions and then showed that they can be approximated by simple functions, the proof of this fact relied on the fact that $R^d$ is $\sigma $- finite, then he defined the integral for simple function and worked his way up from there, until he finally defined the Lebesgue integral on all non-negative measurable functions. Later, he introduced the idea of an abstract measure space then sketched how to generalize the integral he defined on $R^d$ to abstract measure spaces which are $\sigma$*-finite(In particular, he uses this fact to prove an analogue of the approximation theorem.)
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**Is there an alternative approach which allows us to define the integral on general measure spaces?(Or at least another version of the approximation theorem which don't rely on $\sigma$*-finite-ness?)
If there is, can anybody sketch the idea or the main difference between the two approaches?(Or suggest a good quick read to get some insight into the matter.)
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Thanks in advance!