I have a polynomial, let's say $p(x)=x^5+x^4+x^2+x+2$ (or any other polynomial with rational coefficients). What is the general recommended way of factoring it into irreducible factors (in $Z[x]$, $Q[x]$, $Z_n[x]$, $F_n$, etc.)?
I've tried to use Horner's method on $p(x)$, but it does not have integer roots. I've studied the theory around finite fields for a few days, but I still don't understand how can I factor polynomials or show that the polynomial is irreducible in a given field. Can you possibly recommend me some good website/book with examples how to approach this kind of problems?