Some continued fractions converge very fast. Example
However, the convergence of the famous continued fraction of $\sqrt{2}$,
$$a_1 = 1, a_{n + 1} = 1 + \frac{1}{1 + a_n}$$
is linear.
$$|a_{n+1}-\sqrt{2}|=\frac{(\sqrt{2}-1)|a_n-\sqrt{2}|}{1+a_n}$$
Is there a continued fraction that converges to $\sqrt{x}$ at a quadratic or faster rate?