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As the title states, I need to prove that the language of all graphs that are both 4-colorable and not 3-colorable is coNP-hard.

I'm not looking for a solution but a clue or something to help me develop the intuition for coNP questions would be very useful.

I've tried reducing the $\overline{\text{3-Col}}$ problem to it and failed, and I also tried reducing the similar $\overline{\text{3-Col}}\cup\text{2-Col}$ (because I proved it's complement to be an NP-complete problem) but didn't get anywhere because. In both cases I just wasn't able to ensure that given a not-3-colorable graph I'd output a 4-colorable one.

As always your time and help are appreciated.

OE.omergunr100
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1 Answers1

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Let's flip this around using the fact that $L$ is $\text{NP}$-hard iff $\overline{L}$ is $\text{coNP}$-hard. You want to show that $$\text{3-Col} \cup \overline{\text{4-Col}} \text{ is NP-hard}.$$ To do this, we should dig in a little to the proof that $\text{3-Col}$ is $\text{NP}$-hard. The usual proof of this is a reduction from $\text{3-SAT}$ that for every 3CNF formula $\phi$ constructs a graph $G$ such that $$\phi \in \text{SAT} \iff G \in \text{3-Col}.$$ I want you to take a closer look at that reduction. If we can prove that $G$ is always 4-colorable then we're done; be careful to properly do the casework that shows $$\phi \in \text{SAT} \iff G \in \text{3-Col} \cup \overline{\text{4-Col}} .$$

Benjamin Kuykendall
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